As shown in the figure below, a Web3 application relies on a stack of layers. The business logic of the contract is written in a high-level programming language, which is compiled into bytecode and interpreted by a bytecode interpreter on the blockchain node. The node runs chain-specific code to compute configurations like staking, as well as a consensus algorithm. Finally, the blockchain node runs on physical cloud infrastructure, which involves system software like operating systems, virtual machine hypervisors, trusted execution environments, and more.
